In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mostly due to the lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, utilised like a Uncooked materials Original melt (Czochralski system) [186]. Accordingly, based on its creation engineering, niobium pentoxide can undertake a wide range of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://reiddedcy.blog-mall.com/33017527/the-single-best-strategy-to-use-for-lithium-niobate-crystal